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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type="checkbox" id="__toc">
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<label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for="__toc">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Intro to Filesystems
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
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<a href="./" class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Intro to Filesystems
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</span>
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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Table of contents
|
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</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#terminology" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Terminology
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Files
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</span>
|
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</a>
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#types" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Types
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#inodes" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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inodes
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#links-names" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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links / names
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="#permissions" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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permissions
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#ownership" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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ownership
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</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#timestamps" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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timestamps
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</span>
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</a>
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|
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</li>
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|
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Functions
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#workflows" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Workflows
|
|
</span>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Workflows">
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#creating-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Creating a file
|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#reading-or-writing-to-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Reading or writing to a file
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#copying-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Copying a file
|
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</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#moving-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Moving a file
|
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</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Summary
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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|
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</li>
|
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|
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_6" >
|
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_6" id="__nav_6_label" tabindex="0">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Config
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</span>
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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</label>
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_6_label" aria-expanded="false">
|
|
<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_6">
|
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
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Config
|
|
</label>
|
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/options/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Options
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/deprecated_options/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Deprecated Options
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</span>
|
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../config/branches/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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branches
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/branches-mount-timeout/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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branches-mount-timeout
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/functions_categories_policies/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
functions, categories and policies
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/minfreespace/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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minfreespace
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../config/func_readdir/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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func.readdir
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../config/rename_and_link/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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rename and link
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/moveonenospc/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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moveonenospc
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/cache/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
caching
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/passthrough/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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passthrough
|
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|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/readahead/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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readahead
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/inodecalc/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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inodecalc
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/threads/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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threads
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/pin-threads/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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pin-threads
|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/link_cow/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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link_cow
|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/fuse_msg_size/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
fuse_msg_size
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/follow-symlinks/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
follow-symlinks
|
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</span>
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/link-exdev/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
link-exdev
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/rename-exdev/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
rename-exdev
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../config/symlinkify/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
symlinkify
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
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|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../config/nullrw/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
nullrw
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/xattr/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
xattr
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../config/nfsopenhack/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
nfsopenhack
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../config/statfs/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
statfs / statvfs
|
|
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../config/flush-on-close/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
flush-on-close
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../config/export-support/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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export-support
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../config/kernel-permissions-check/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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kernel-permissions-check
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../error_handling_and_logging/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Error Handling and Logging
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../resource_usage/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Resource Usage and Management
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../runtime_interface/" class="md-nav__link">
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Runtime Interface
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</span>
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</a>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../remote_filesystems/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Remote Filesystems
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../tips_notes/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Tips and Notes
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../known_issues_bugs/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Known Issues and Bugs
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../project_comparisons/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Project Comparisons
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../benchmarking/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Benchmarking
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../performance/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Tweaking Performance
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../tooling/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Tooling
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../extended_usage_patterns/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Extended Usage Patterns
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested">
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<input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type="checkbox" id="__nav_18" >
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<label class="md-nav__link" for="__nav_18" id="__nav_18_label" tabindex="0">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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FAQ
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</span>
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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</label>
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<nav class="md-nav" data-md-level="1" aria-labelledby="__nav_18_label" aria-expanded="false">
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__nav_18">
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<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
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FAQ
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</label>
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<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-scrollfix>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/why_isnt_it_working/" class="md-nav__link">
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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"Why isn't it working?"
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../faq/reliability_and_scalability/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
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Reliability and Scalability
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</span>
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/usage_and_functionality/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Usage and Functionality
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/configuration_and_policies/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Configuration and Policies
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/compatibility_and_integration/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Compatibility and Integration
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/recommendations_and_warnings/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Recommendations and Warnings
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Technical Behavior and Limitations
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/have_you_considered/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
"Have You Considered?"
|
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|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../faq/limit_drive_spinup/" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Limiting drive spinup
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</li>
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="../related_projects/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Related Projects
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</span>
|
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|
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</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../media_and_publicity/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Media and Publicity
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|
|
|
</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="../support/" class="md-nav__link">
|
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|
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|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Support
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|
|
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</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</a>
|
|
</li>
|
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<li class="md-nav__item">
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<a href="../sponsorship_and_donations/" class="md-nav__link">
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Sponsorship and Donations
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|
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</span>
|
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|
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|
</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
|
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</nav>
|
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</div>
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</div>
|
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</div>
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|
<div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" >
|
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<div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap">
|
|
<div class="md-sidebar__inner">
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">
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|
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<label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc">
|
|
<span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span>
|
|
Table of contents
|
|
</label>
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#terminology" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Terminology
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</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
</li>
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#files" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Files
|
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</span>
|
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</a>
|
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|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Files">
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#types" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Types
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</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#inodes" class="md-nav__link">
|
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<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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inodes
|
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</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
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<a href="#links-names" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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links / names
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#permissions" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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permissions
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#ownership" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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ownership
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#timestamps" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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timestamps
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
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|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
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|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#functions" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Functions
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#workflows" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Workflows
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
<nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Workflows">
|
|
<ul class="md-nav__list">
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#creating-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Creating a file
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#reading-or-writing-to-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Reading or writing to a file
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#copying-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Copying a file
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
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|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#moving-a-file" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
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Moving a file
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
<li class="md-nav__item">
|
|
<a href="#summary" class="md-nav__link">
|
|
<span class="md-ellipsis">
|
|
Summary
|
|
</span>
|
|
</a>
|
|
|
|
</li>
|
|
|
|
</ul>
|
|
</nav>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</nav>
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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</div>
|
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<h1 id="intro-to-filesystems">Intro to Filesystems</h1>
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<p><strong>!! WORK IN PROGRESS !!</strong></p>
|
|
<p>mergerfs is a union filesystem that manages other filesystems. To
|
|
understand how mergerfs works and what the features do and mean you
|
|
must understand at least the basics of how filesystems work. Much of
|
|
the confusion with mergerfs is based in a lack of knowledge about
|
|
filesystems. This section of the documentation is provide a primer for
|
|
those needing that knowledge.</p>
|
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<h2 id="terminology">Terminology</h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system">filesystem</a>: A method,
|
|
data structures, and API used to organize and store files on
|
|
computer storage devices. Often in a tree like structure / hierarchy.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file">file</a>: A named
|
|
collection of data stored as a unique object. Filesystems can have
|
|
numerous file types and "file" can be used to reference any of those
|
|
types or a "regular" file.</li>
|
|
<li>regular file: A file as commonly understood as a named collection of data.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(computing)">directory</a>: A
|
|
container which holds files and, typically, other directories. In
|
|
Unix/Linux/POSIX filesystems a directory is technically also a file.</li>
|
|
<li>root filesystem: The primary filesystem for which other filesystems
|
|
within a system are mounted.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_directory">root directory</a>: The
|
|
top-level directory in POSIX and POSIX-like filesystems. Denoted by
|
|
"/".</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)">path</a>: The location
|
|
of a file within a filesystem hierarchy.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode">inode</a>: A unique integer
|
|
identifier for a file. Like a primary key. Also used to refer to the
|
|
underlying data structure which stores metadata about the file.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link">link</a>: A reference to an
|
|
inode in the form of a name. An inode may have 0 to N links.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link">symlink</a>: A file type
|
|
which stores data that may, but is not required to, be a path to
|
|
another file.</li>
|
|
<li>device id: A runtime, unique identification value assigned to a
|
|
filesystem.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_(computing)#MOUNT-POINT">mount
|
|
point</a>:
|
|
The directory where a filesystem is "mounted" or presented within a
|
|
directory hierarchy.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File-system_permissions">permissions</a>:
|
|
Access rights for files.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_identifier">owner</a>: System user
|
|
which has rights to a file.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_descriptor">file descriptor</a>: A
|
|
handle used by software, provided by the operating system, to
|
|
reference open files.</li>
|
|
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap">mmap</a>: A way to abstract access
|
|
to a file by making it appear as a region of memory.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="files">Files</h2>
|
|
<p>In POSIX filesystems there are several types of files. Interacting
|
|
with them is often similar but they offer different capabilities.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="types">Types</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>regular: The typical file type. An array of data which can be
|
|
randomly accessed.</li>
|
|
<li>directory: A container which holds other files including other
|
|
directories allowing for a tree like layout.</li>
|
|
<li>symlink: A special file which can store a limited amount of data,
|
|
typically a file path, which may be transparently interpreted by
|
|
some filesystem functions as a path. symlinks do <em>not</em> need to be a
|
|
valid path or a path at all. They can be used as a key/value like
|
|
storage mechanism for instance.</li>
|
|
<li>character device: A special file typically representing some
|
|
physical or logical hardware device offering, typically, an
|
|
unbuffered byte stream based interface.</li>
|
|
<li>block device: A special file which represents a physical or logical
|
|
hardware device (typically storage) allowing for buffered,
|
|
fixed-size blocks data transfers.</li>
|
|
<li>fifo: Also referred to as a "named pipe." A FIFO, First In, First
|
|
Out, is a special file which acts as a non-persistent,
|
|
unidirectional conduit for data.</li>
|
|
<li>unix domain socket: Also referred to as a "local socket" or "IPC
|
|
socket" a "UDS" works similar to a FIFO but bidirectional and
|
|
offering more features similar to TCP/IP or UDP/IP but local to the
|
|
system.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h3 id="inodes">inodes</h3>
|
|
<p>The inode in practical terms <strong>is</strong> the file within a POSIX
|
|
filesystem. It is, typically, a unique identifier within a filesystem
|
|
similar to a primary key, represented as a 32 or 64bit integer, which
|
|
is what the typical user imagines as the file and its metadata
|
|
(ownership, permissions, type, internal filesystem details, etc.).</p>
|
|
<p>"typically unique" because some filesystems, such as FUSE based ones,
|
|
may reuse an inode value for multiple logical files despite them being
|
|
separate entities in the traditional sense. From the user's
|
|
perspective multiple files may have the same inode but as mentioned
|
|
above the inode is the true reference for a file and the "file" people
|
|
interact with is really a link (see below.)</p>
|
|
<h3 id="links-names">links / names</h3>
|
|
<p>To make inodes more useful and accessible POSIX filesystems provide
|
|
"links". A link (or sometimes referred to as "hardlink") is a file
|
|
name which references an inode. A single inode can be referenced by
|
|
multiple links (except for directories typically.) If the number of
|
|
links to an inode reach zero, and no programs have the inode actively
|
|
in use, the filesystem will logically remove the inode/file.</p>
|
|
<p>When a regular file is first created think of it as the filesystem
|
|
first creating the underlying structure, assigning an inode, then
|
|
creating a link (name) for it in one shot. When a file is "link"ed to
|
|
in the future a new "link" / "name" is being created and referencing
|
|
the source file which will then cause the "nlink" value within the
|
|
inode, which holds a reference count of the number of links/names that
|
|
inode has, to be increased by 1. This is why deleting a file is
|
|
referred to as an "unlink". Technically you are requesting the removal
|
|
of the "link" and once all the links to a file are removed/unlinked,
|
|
and the file is not in active use, the filesystem will then logically
|
|
remove the file.</p>
|
|
<p>Knowing the details above the API for POSIX filesystems is a little
|
|
odd in that the programmer does not first create an inode then a
|
|
link. Instead that is done together with no way to do the former alone
|
|
despite being able to add additional links afterwards. Modern Linux
|
|
filesystems do allow for this using the
|
|
<a href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/openat.2.html">O_TMPFILE</a>
|
|
flag. Since there is no link on creation should the program which
|
|
created the file then release the handle on that file the filesystem
|
|
would see it has no references and remove it. To keep the temporary
|
|
file around the program must explicitly create a link.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="permissions">permissions</h3>
|
|
<p>File permissions are a security mechanism and apply to all files and
|
|
directories. They, in combination with ownership information, dictate
|
|
who is allowed to read, write, and execute a file (as well as some
|
|
other niche allowances and behaviors.)</p>
|
|
<p>While there are more advanced and complicated forms of permissioning
|
|
the traditional POSIX permissions come in the form of 3 sets of 3
|
|
permissions (the read, write, and execute.) One set for the individual
|
|
user owner of the file, one for the group owner, and one for "others".</p>
|
|
<p>Execute in POSIX systems indicates that a regular file is a piece of
|
|
software and can be run (like a Windows ".exe" file) and for
|
|
directories means you are allowed to list the contents. A directory
|
|
can be marked as "read" and not "executable" to allow users to access
|
|
content within the directory but not list it in a soft form of
|
|
security through obscurity. You must know the path and name of the
|
|
file to read it and can not simply search for it.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="ownership">ownership</h3>
|
|
<p>Each file has 2 owner values. The individual user identifier and the
|
|
group identifier. These values are the raw integer value known to the
|
|
kernel and not the human readable user name or group name most people
|
|
typically use. In fact the kernel has no awareness of the human
|
|
readable identifiers. Those are managed entirely by userspace. This is
|
|
why if you mount a filesystem on a different system with different
|
|
users tools like <code>ls</code> may report different user names or only show
|
|
integer values for owners because the value stored in the inode is
|
|
"1000" and the name associated with integer 1000 on system A is
|
|
different from system B (or may not exist at all.)</p>
|
|
<h3 id="timestamps">timestamps</h3>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>mtime: The time the file <em>data</em> was last modified. Can be explicitly modified.</li>
|
|
<li>ctime: The time the file <em>metadata</em> was last modified. Can not be modified.</li>
|
|
<li>atime: The time the file was last accessed. Note that Linux
|
|
generally uses a heuristic to update atime so that it does not in
|
|
fact have to write to the filesystem every time a file is
|
|
accessed. Can be explicitly modified.</li>
|
|
<li>btime: The "birth" time of the file. Only available in certain
|
|
filesystems and via a newer system call. Can not be modified.</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="functions">Functions</h2>
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>open():</li>
|
|
<li>creat():</li>
|
|
<li>close():</li>
|
|
<li>opendir():</li>
|
|
<li>readdir():</li>
|
|
<li>closedir():</li>
|
|
<li>mkdir():</li>
|
|
<li>link():</li>
|
|
<li>unlink():</li>
|
|
<li>symlink():</li>
|
|
<li>rename():</li>
|
|
<li>read():</li>
|
|
<li>write():</li>
|
|
<li>lseek():</li>
|
|
<li>tell():</li>
|
|
<li>stat():</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
<h2 id="workflows">Workflows</h2>
|
|
<p>Filesystems tend to be
|
|
<a href="../faq/technical_behavior_and_limitations/#how-does-mergerfs-handle-moving-and-copying-of-files">misunderstood</a>. A
|
|
number of behaviors users are familiar with are actually high level
|
|
concepts which are made up of numerous steps/functions. As a result
|
|
high level context that users expect to be available to mergerfs when
|
|
certain actions are taken and decisions made are in fact not
|
|
available. Below are explanations of a number of those situations.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="creating-a-file">Creating a file</h3>
|
|
<p><a href="https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/creat.3p.html">Creating</a> a
|
|
file can range from a single call to a semi-complex procedure
|
|
depending on the requirements and expectations of the calling
|
|
application.</p>
|
|
<p>Most important to understand is that when a file is created there is
|
|
very limited information needed / provided. The file path, some flags
|
|
to control a bit how the file is created and if it is to be for
|
|
reading and/or writing, and the permissions. mergerfs knows a bit more
|
|
details like which user id is making the request and from what process
|
|
but that is all the data immediately available. There is no size. The
|
|
initial size is always zero. Any data that may be written to the file
|
|
would come in the future via other function calls. The source of that
|
|
data is completely unknown.</p>
|
|
<p>Keep in mind that while there exists this ability to create a file in
|
|
a single call to the operating system that call has numerous
|
|
aspects which my be exploitable by malicious software.</p>
|
|
<p>If software wishes to create a file in more secure manner it must do
|
|
some form of the following.</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Attempt to open the directory where you wish to create the file.</li>
|
|
<li>If that succeeds check the directory to ensure it is the directory
|
|
you expect it to be. Checking ownership, permissions, perhaps
|
|
existence of other files, the filesystem, etc.</li>
|
|
<li>Using the handle to the directory, attempt to open the file using a
|
|
flag which make the open fail should a file name/link already exist
|
|
with that same name. Also set the permissions to the absolute minimum
|
|
possible to ensure no interference from others.</li>
|
|
<li>If it succeeds then continue on with whatever you had planned. If
|
|
it fails try to unlink the unexpected file and try again at step 3. If
|
|
it fails multiple times then something is suspicious and the program
|
|
should stop trying to create the file and report an error.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>The above can be made even more involved as you will see below.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="reading-or-writing-to-a-file">Reading or writing to a file</h3>
|
|
<p>To write:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Assuming the file is already created/opened...</li>
|
|
<li>Allocate memory to hold a portion of the data.</li>
|
|
<li>Fill the memory with the data to write from wherever it may come
|
|
from. Another file, network, programmatically generated, etc.</li>
|
|
<li>Call <code>write()</code> function on the open file pointing to the memory to
|
|
write and how much to write.</li>
|
|
<li>The kernel will take the request and attempt it. On success it will
|
|
report back to the program how much was written from 1 byte to the
|
|
amount requested. A write of fewer than the requested amount is
|
|
called a <code>short write.</code></li>
|
|
<li>If a short write occurred the program must then adjust the data to
|
|
ensure it doesn't write the same data again and lower the amount to
|
|
write by the previously written amount and attempt another
|
|
write. Continuing this till there is nothing left to write. A short
|
|
write could also mean that the filesystem has no more available
|
|
space and following write requests may fail completely.</li>
|
|
<li>Go back to step 2 or 3 and do it all again with any additional data
|
|
to write.</li>
|
|
<li>If at any time there is an error it may be necessary to query the
|
|
size of the file or other details to know how to continue depending
|
|
on the needs of the program.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Reading is similar and <code>short reads</code> are also possible.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="copying-a-file">Copying a file</h3>
|
|
<p>The "proper" way to copy a file is quite involved.</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Open the source file. Do so with certain flags to ensure it is the
|
|
type of file you expect. You may also need to perform a similar
|
|
"open directory, check things out, then open file" workflow as
|
|
mentioned above for security purposes.</li>
|
|
<li><code>stat</code> the file to get its metadata such as the file size,
|
|
timestamps, etc.</li>
|
|
<li>Securely open a file as described previously. The name of the file
|
|
should not be that of the destination but a temporary file name
|
|
with some amount of randomness. Often also making it "hidden" by
|
|
prepending a "." to it.</li>
|
|
<li>In a loop read data from the source file and write it to the
|
|
temporary file as described above. There are some platform specific
|
|
ways to copy the data which may be tried first such as
|
|
FICLONE/reflink which takes advantage of CoW (copy-on-write)
|
|
filesystem features. Falling back to the read then write loop if
|
|
necessary.</li>
|
|
<li>Request a list of all the extended attribute keys from the source
|
|
file and one by one query the value. For each key value pair
|
|
attempt to write it to the destination file.</li>
|
|
<li>Request file attributes from the source file and write them to the
|
|
destination file but first filtering out flags such as "immutable"
|
|
as that would make it impossible to make further changes.</li>
|
|
<li>Using the details captured in step 2 change the ownership to the
|
|
destination file to match the source.</li>
|
|
<li>Using the details captured in step 2 change the permissions (mode)
|
|
of the destination file to match the source.</li>
|
|
<li>Using the details captured in step 2 change the mtime and atime of
|
|
the destination to match the source.</li>
|
|
<li>Query the source file's metadata again as in step 2. Using those
|
|
details as well as those from step 2 check the source file to see
|
|
if it may have changed since the copy procedure started. If it had
|
|
determine the changes and go back to step 4. Perhaps unlinking the
|
|
temporary file and going back to step 2.</li>
|
|
<li>Ensure the data and metadata are flushed to the storage device by
|
|
calling appropriate sync functions.</li>
|
|
<li><code>rename</code> the file from the temporary name to the destination name.</li>
|
|
<li>If the file had a special flag such as the immutable attribute set
|
|
then set such attribute.</li>
|
|
<li>Close the destination and source files.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>There can be additional steps too depending on the platform, available
|
|
features, and safety concerns. For instance it might be possible to
|
|
put a lock or lease on the source file to limit possibility of
|
|
changes while the copy occurs.</p>
|
|
<h3 id="moving-a-file">Moving a file</h3>
|
|
<p>The moving of a file is similar to copying a file.</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Attempt a <code>rename</code> between source and destination. If it succeeds,
|
|
done. Note that the rename itself may require setup similar to
|
|
securely opening or creating a file. IE... requiring the opening of
|
|
the source and destination directories, confirming they are what is
|
|
expected, then issuing the actual rename.</li>
|
|
<li>If it fails... perform a copy of the file as described above.</li>
|
|
<li>After the rename and close'ing of the copy <code>unlink</code> the source
|
|
file.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h3 id="summary">Summary</h3>
|
|
<p>As seen in the above descriptions these high level concepts users
|
|
perceive are in fact involved sets of steps with loops and conditional
|
|
behaviors. All leveraging low level functions which alone have very
|
|
little context. For instance: there is no practical way of knowing a
|
|
file is being copied or from where. There is no way to decide at
|
|
creation time what to do based on size because its size doesn't exist
|
|
yet. Even making a decision based on the destination file name is
|
|
complicated by the fact that "well written" software will create
|
|
randomly named temporary files and then rename the file. Only at
|
|
<code>rename</code> would you know the name as the end user chose and at that
|
|
point it may be too late.</p>
|
|
|
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</article>
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