From 3c3ec2c97cde17b1566db80526ceaf504310d002 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Philipp Klapp <philipp@klapp.cc>
Date: Mon, 13 Oct 2025 09:05:59 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Script created for Hetzner Cloud

---
 dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh | 431 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 431 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh

diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5b5b0d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+# shellcheck disable=SC2034
+dns_hetznercloud_info='Hetzner Cloud DNS
+Site: Hetzner.com
+Docs: github.com/acmesh-official/acme.sh/wiki/dnsapi2#dns_hetznercloud
+Options:
+ HETZNER_TOKEN API token for the Hetzner Cloud DNS API
+Optional:
+ HETZNER_TTL Custom TTL for new TXT rrsets (default 120)
+ HETZNER_API Override API endpoint (default https://api.hetzner.cloud/v1)
+Issues: github.com/acmesh-official/acme.sh/issues
+'
+
+HETZNERCLOUD_API_DEFAULT="https://api.hetzner.cloud/v1"
+HETZNERCLOUD_TTL_DEFAULT=120
+
+########  Public functions #####################
+
+dns_hetznercloud_add() {
+  fulldomain="$(_idn "${1}")"
+  txtvalue="${2}"
+
+  _info "Using Hetzner Cloud DNS API to add record"
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_init; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_prepare_zone "${fulldomain}"; then
+    _err "Unable to determine Hetzner Cloud zone for ${fulldomain}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_get_rrset; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "200" ]; then
+    if _hetznercloud_rrset_contains_value "${txtvalue}"; then
+      _info "TXT record already present; nothing to do."
+      return 0
+    fi
+  elif [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" != "404" ]; then
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Failed to query existing TXT rrset" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  add_payload="$(_hetznercloud_build_add_payload "${txtvalue}")"
+  if [ -z "${add_payload}" ]; then
+    _err "Failed to build request payload."
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_api POST "${_hetznercloud_rrset_action_add}" "${add_payload}"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  case "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" in
+  200 | 201 | 202 | 204)
+    _info "Hetzner Cloud TXT record added."
+    return 0
+    ;;
+  401 | 403)
+    _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS API authentication failed (HTTP ${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}). Check HETZNER_TOKEN for the new API."
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+    ;;
+  409 | 422)
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud DNS rejected the add_records request" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+    ;;
+  *)
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud DNS add_records request failed" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+    ;;
+  esac
+}
+
+dns_hetznercloud_rm() {
+  fulldomain="$(_idn "${1}")"
+  txtvalue="${2}"
+
+  _info "Using Hetzner Cloud DNS API to remove record"
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_init; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_prepare_zone "${fulldomain}"; then
+    _err "Unable to determine Hetzner Cloud zone for ${fulldomain}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if ! _hetznercloud_get_rrset; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "404" ]; then
+    _info "TXT rrset does not exist; nothing to remove."
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" != "200" ]; then
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Failed to query existing TXT rrset" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if _hetznercloud_rrset_contains_value "${txtvalue}"; then
+    remove_payload="$(_hetznercloud_build_remove_payload "${txtvalue}")"
+    if [ -z "${remove_payload}" ]; then
+      _err "Failed to build remove_records payload."
+      return 1
+    fi
+    if ! _hetznercloud_api POST "${_hetznercloud_rrset_action_remove}" "${remove_payload}"; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+    case "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" in
+    200 | 201 | 202 | 204)
+      _info "Hetzner Cloud TXT record removed."
+      return 0
+      ;;
+    401 | 403)
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS API authentication failed (HTTP ${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}). Check HETZNER_TOKEN for the new API."
+      _hetznercloud_log_http_error "" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+      return 1
+      ;;
+    404)
+      _info "TXT rrset already absent after remove action."
+      return 0
+      ;;
+    409 | 422)
+      _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud DNS rejected the remove_records request" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+      return 1
+      ;;
+    *)
+      _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud DNS remove_records request failed" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+      return 1
+      ;;
+    esac
+  else
+    _info "TXT value not present; nothing to remove."
+    return 0
+  fi
+}
+
+####################  Private functions ##################################
+
+_hetznercloud_init() {
+  HETZNER_TOKEN="${HETZNER_TOKEN:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_TOKEN)}"
+  if [ -z "${HETZNER_TOKEN}" ]; then
+    _err "The environment variable HETZNER_TOKEN must be set for the Hetzner Cloud DNS API."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  HETZNER_TOKEN=$(echo "${HETZNER_TOKEN}" | tr -d '"')
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_TOKEN "${HETZNER_TOKEN}"
+
+  HETZNER_API="${HETZNER_API:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_API)}"
+  if [ -z "${HETZNER_API}" ]; then
+    HETZNER_API="${HETZNERCLOUD_API_DEFAULT}"
+  fi
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_API "${HETZNER_API}"
+
+  HETZNER_TTL="${HETZNER_TTL:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_TTL)}"
+  if [ -z "${HETZNER_TTL}" ]; then
+    HETZNER_TTL="${HETZNERCLOUD_TTL_DEFAULT}"
+  fi
+  ttl_check=$(printf "%s" "${HETZNER_TTL}" | tr -d '0-9')
+  if [ -n "${ttl_check}" ]; then
+    _err "HETZNER_TTL must be an integer value."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_TTL "${HETZNER_TTL}"
+
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_prepare_zone() {
+  _hetznercloud_zone_id=""
+  _hetznercloud_zone_name=""
+  _hetznercloud_zone_name_lc=""
+  _hetznercloud_rr_name=""
+  _hetznercloud_rrset_path=""
+  _hetznercloud_rrset_action_add=""
+  _hetznercloud_rrset_action_remove=""
+  fulldomain_lc=$(printf "%s" "${1}" | sed 's/\.$//' | _lower_case)
+
+  i=2
+  p=1
+  while true; do
+    candidate=$(printf "%s" "${fulldomain_lc}" | cut -d . -f "${i}"-100)
+    if [ -z "${candidate}" ]; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    if _hetznercloud_get_zone_by_candidate "${candidate}"; then
+      zone_name_lc="${_hetznercloud_zone_name_lc}"
+      if [ "${fulldomain_lc}" = "${zone_name_lc}" ]; then
+        _hetznercloud_rr_name="@"
+      else
+        suffix=".${zone_name_lc}"
+        if _endswith "${fulldomain_lc}" "${suffix}"; then
+          _hetznercloud_rr_name="${fulldomain_lc%"${suffix}"}"
+        else
+          _hetznercloud_rr_name="${fulldomain_lc}"
+        fi
+      fi
+      _hetznercloud_rrset_path=$(printf "%s" "${_hetznercloud_rr_name}" | _url_encode)
+      _hetznercloud_rrset_action_add="/zones/${_hetznercloud_zone_id}/rrsets/${_hetznercloud_rrset_path}/TXT/actions/add_records"
+      _hetznercloud_rrset_action_remove="/zones/${_hetznercloud_zone_id}/rrsets/${_hetznercloud_rrset_path}/TXT/actions/remove_records"
+      return 0
+    fi
+    p=${i}
+    i=$(_math "${i}" + 1)
+  done
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_get_zone_by_candidate() {
+  candidate="${1}"
+  zone_key=$(printf "%s" "${candidate}" | sed 's/[^A-Za-z0-9]/_/g')
+  zone_conf_key="HETZNERCLOUD_ZONE_ID_for_${zone_key}"
+
+  cached_zone_id=$(_readdomainconf "${zone_conf_key}")
+  if [ -n "${cached_zone_id}" ]; then
+    if _hetznercloud_api GET "/zones/${cached_zone_id}"; then
+      if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "200" ]; then
+        zone_data=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson | sed 's/^{"zone"://' | sed 's/}$//')
+        if _hetznercloud_parse_zone_fields "${zone_data}"; then
+          zone_name_lc=$(printf "%s" "${_hetznercloud_zone_name}" | _lower_case)
+          if [ "${zone_name_lc}" = "${candidate}" ]; then
+            return 0
+          fi
+        fi
+      elif [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "404" ]; then
+        _cleardomainconf "${zone_conf_key}"
+      fi
+    else
+      return 1
+    fi
+  fi
+
+  if _hetznercloud_api GET "/zones/${candidate}"; then
+    if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "200" ]; then
+      zone_data=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson | sed 's/^{"zone"://' | sed 's/}$//')
+      if _hetznercloud_parse_zone_fields "${zone_data}"; then
+        zone_name_lc=$(printf "%s" "${_hetznercloud_zone_name}" | _lower_case)
+        if [ "${zone_name_lc}" = "${candidate}" ]; then
+          _savedomainconf "${zone_conf_key}" "${_hetznercloud_zone_id}"
+          return 0
+        fi
+      fi
+    elif [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" != "404" ]; then
+      _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud zone lookup failed" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+      return 1
+    fi
+  else
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  encoded_candidate=$(printf "%s" "${candidate}" | _url_encode)
+  if ! _hetznercloud_api GET "/zones?name=${encoded_candidate}"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" != "200" ]; then
+    if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "404" ]; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+    _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud zone search failed" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  zone_data=$(_hetznercloud_extract_zone_from_list "${response}" "${candidate}")
+  if [ -z "${zone_data}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! _hetznercloud_parse_zone_fields "${zone_data}"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _savedomainconf "${zone_conf_key}" "${_hetznercloud_zone_id}"
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_parse_zone_fields() {
+  zone_json="${1}"
+  if [ -z "${zone_json}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  normalized=$(printf "%s" "${zone_json}" | _normalizeJson)
+  zone_id=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"id":[^,}]*' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d ' "')
+  zone_name=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"name":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  if [ -z "${zone_id}" ] || [ -z "${zone_name}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _hetznercloud_zone_id="${zone_id}"
+  _hetznercloud_zone_name="${zone_name}"
+  _hetznercloud_zone_name_lc=$(printf "%s" "${zone_name}" | sed 's/\.$//' | _lower_case)
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_extract_zone_from_list() {
+  list_response=$(printf "%s" "${1}" | _normalizeJson)
+  candidate="${2}"
+  escaped_candidate=$(_hetznercloud_escape_regex "${candidate}")
+  printf "%s" "${list_response}" | _egrep_o "{[^{}]*\"name\":\"${escaped_candidate}\"[^{}]*}" | _head_n 1
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_escape_regex() {
+  printf "%s" "${1}" | sed 's/\\/\\\\/g' | sed 's/\./\\./g' | sed 's/-/\\-/g'
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_get_rrset() {
+  if [ -z "${_hetznercloud_zone_id}" ] || [ -z "${_hetznercloud_rrset_path}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! _hetznercloud_api GET "/zones/${_hetznercloud_zone_id}/rrsets/${_hetznercloud_rrset_path}/TXT"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_rrset_contains_value() {
+  wanted_value="${1}"
+  normalized=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson)
+  escaped_value=$(_hetznercloud_escape_value "${wanted_value}")
+  search_pattern="\"value\":\"\\\\\"${escaped_value}\\\\\"\""
+  if _contains "${normalized}" "${search_pattern}"; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+  return 1
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_build_add_payload() {
+  value="${1}"
+  escaped_value=$(_hetznercloud_escape_value "${value}")
+  printf '{"ttl":%s,"records":[{"value":"\\"%s\\""}]}' "${HETZNER_TTL}" "${escaped_value}"
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_build_remove_payload() {
+  value="${1}"
+  escaped_value=$(_hetznercloud_escape_value "${value}")
+  printf '{"records":[{"value":"\\"%s\\""}]}' "${escaped_value}"
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_escape_value() {
+  printf "%s" "${1}" | sed 's/\\/\\\\/g' | sed 's/"/\\"/g'
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_error_message() {
+  if [ -z "${response}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  message=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson | _egrep_o '"message":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  if [ -n "${message}" ]; then
+    printf "%s" "${message}"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  return 1
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_log_http_error() {
+  context="${1}"
+  code="${2}"
+  message="$(_hetznercloud_error_message)"
+  if [ -n "${context}" ]; then
+    if [ -n "${message}" ]; then
+      _err "${context} (HTTP ${code}): ${message}"
+    else
+      _err "${context} (HTTP ${code})"
+    fi
+  else
+    if [ -n "${message}" ]; then
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS API error (HTTP ${code}): ${message}"
+    else
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS API error (HTTP ${code})"
+    fi
+  fi
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_api() {
+  method="${1}"
+  ep="${2}"
+  data="${3}"
+  retried="${4}"
+
+  if [ -z "${method}" ]; then
+    method="GET"
+  fi
+
+  if ! _startswith "${ep}" "/"; then
+    ep="/${ep}"
+  fi
+  url="${HETZNER_API}${ep}"
+
+  export _H1="Authorization: Bearer ${HETZNER_TOKEN}"
+  export _H2="Accept: application/json"
+  export _H3=""
+  export _H4=""
+  export _H5=""
+
+  : >"${HTTP_HEADER}"
+
+  if [ "${method}" = "GET" ]; then
+    response="$(_get "${url}")"
+  else
+    if [ -z "${data}" ]; then
+      data="{}"
+    fi
+    response="$(_post "${data}" "${url}" "" "${method}" "application/json")"
+  fi
+  ret="${?}"
+
+  _hetznercloud_last_http_code=$(grep "^HTTP" "${HTTP_HEADER}" | _tail_n 1 | cut -d " " -f 2 | tr -d '\r\n')
+
+  if [ "${ret}" != "0" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" = "429" ] && [ "${retried}" != "retried" ]; then
+    retry_after=$(grep -i "^Retry-After" "${HTTP_HEADER}" | _tail_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d ' \r')
+    if [ -z "${retry_after}" ]; then
+      retry_after=1
+    fi
+    _info "Hetzner Cloud DNS API rate limit hit; retrying in ${retry_after} seconds."
+    _sleep "${retry_after}"
+    if ! _hetznercloud_api "${method}" "${ep}" "${data}" "retried"; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  return 0
+}

From b65f432ee02b1ad45224e97cf89e5144680b9d41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Philipp Klapp <philipp@klapp.cc>
Date: Sat, 1 Nov 2025 13:44:11 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Normalize Hetzner zone names to punycode

---
 dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
index e5b5b0d6..e53ac23a 100644
--- a/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
@@ -290,9 +290,15 @@ _hetznercloud_parse_zone_fields() {
   if [ -z "${zone_id}" ] || [ -z "${zone_name}" ]; then
     return 1
   fi
+  zone_name_trimmed=$(printf "%s" "${zone_name}" | sed 's/\.$//')
+  if zone_name_ascii=$(_idn "${zone_name_trimmed}"); then
+    zone_name="${zone_name_ascii}"
+  else
+    zone_name="${zone_name_trimmed}"
+  fi
   _hetznercloud_zone_id="${zone_id}"
   _hetznercloud_zone_name="${zone_name}"
-  _hetznercloud_zone_name_lc=$(printf "%s" "${zone_name}" | sed 's/\.$//' | _lower_case)
+  _hetznercloud_zone_name_lc=$(printf "%s" "${zone_name}" | _lower_case)
   return 0
 }
 

From 5f8146050464c9f0c6ae69160e672ad3bce388b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Philipp Klapp <philipp@klapp.cc>
Date: Sun, 2 Nov 2025 04:07:58 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Wait for Hetzner Cloud DNS actions to complete before
 returning

---
 dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh | 156 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 156 insertions(+)

diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
index e53ac23a..4a7eea90 100644
--- a/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_hetznercloud.sh
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ Options:
 Optional:
  HETZNER_TTL Custom TTL for new TXT rrsets (default 120)
  HETZNER_API Override API endpoint (default https://api.hetzner.cloud/v1)
+ HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS Number of 1s polls to wait for async actions (default 120)
 Issues: github.com/acmesh-official/acme.sh/issues
 '
 
 HETZNERCLOUD_API_DEFAULT="https://api.hetzner.cloud/v1"
 HETZNERCLOUD_TTL_DEFAULT=120
+HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS_DEFAULT=120
 
 ########  Public functions #####################
 
@@ -57,6 +59,9 @@ dns_hetznercloud_add() {
 
   case "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" in
   200 | 201 | 202 | 204)
+    if ! _hetznercloud_handle_action_response "TXT record add"; then
+      return 1
+    fi
     _info "Hetzner Cloud TXT record added."
     return 0
     ;;
@@ -116,6 +121,9 @@ dns_hetznercloud_rm() {
     fi
     case "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" in
     200 | 201 | 202 | 204)
+      if ! _hetznercloud_handle_action_response "TXT record remove"; then
+        return 1
+      fi
       _info "Hetzner Cloud TXT record removed."
       return 0
       ;;
@@ -171,6 +179,17 @@ _hetznercloud_init() {
   fi
   _saveaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_TTL "${HETZNER_TTL}"
 
+  HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS="${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS)}"
+  if [ -z "${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS}" ]; then
+    HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS="${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS_DEFAULT}"
+  fi
+  attempts_check=$(printf "%s" "${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS}" | tr -d '0-9')
+  if [ -n "${attempts_check}" ]; then
+    _err "HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS must be an integer value."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS "${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS}"
+
   return 0
 }
 
@@ -435,3 +454,140 @@ _hetznercloud_api() {
 
   return 0
 }
+
+_hetznercloud_handle_action_response() {
+  context="${1}"
+  if [ -z "${response}" ]; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  normalized=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson)
+
+  failed_message=""
+  if failed_message=$(_hetznercloud_extract_failed_action_message "${normalized}"); then
+    if [ -n "${failed_message}" ]; then
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} failed: ${failed_message}"
+    else
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} failed."
+    fi
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  action_ids=""
+  if action_ids=$(_hetznercloud_extract_action_ids "${normalized}"); then
+    for action_id in ${action_ids}; do
+      if [ -z "${action_id}" ]; then
+        continue
+      fi
+      if ! _hetznercloud_wait_for_action "${action_id}" "${context}"; then
+        return 1
+      fi
+    done
+  fi
+
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_extract_failed_action_message() {
+  normalized="${1}"
+  failed_section=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"failed_actions":\[[^]]*\]')
+  if [ -z "${failed_section}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if _contains "${failed_section}" '"failed_actions":[]'; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  message=$(printf "%s" "${failed_section}" | _egrep_o '"message":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  if [ -n "${message}" ]; then
+    printf "%s" "${message}"
+  else
+    printf "%s" "${failed_section}"
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_extract_action_ids() {
+  normalized="${1}"
+  actions_section=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"actions":\[[^]]*\]')
+  if [ -z "${actions_section}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  action_ids=$(printf "%s" "${actions_section}" | _egrep_o '"id":[0-9]*' | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"' | tr '\n' ' ')
+  action_ids=$(printf "%s" "${action_ids}" | tr -s ' ')
+  action_ids=$(printf "%s" "${action_ids}" | sed 's/^ //;s/ $//')
+  if [ -z "${action_ids}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  printf "%s" "${action_ids}"
+  return 0
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_wait_for_action() {
+  action_id="${1}"
+  context="${2}"
+  attempts="0"
+
+  while true; do
+    if ! _hetznercloud_api GET "/actions/${action_id}"; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+    if [ "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}" != "200" ]; then
+      _hetznercloud_log_http_error "Hetzner Cloud DNS action ${action_id} query failed" "${_hetznercloud_last_http_code}"
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    normalized=$(printf "%s" "${response}" | _normalizeJson)
+    action_status=$(_hetznercloud_action_status_from_normalized "${normalized}")
+
+    if [ -z "${action_status}" ]; then
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} action ${action_id} returned no status."
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${action_status}" = "success" ]; then
+      return 0
+    fi
+
+    if [ "${action_status}" = "error" ]; then
+      if action_error=$(_hetznercloud_action_error_from_normalized "${normalized}"); then
+        _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} action ${action_id} failed: ${action_error}"
+      else
+        _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} action ${action_id} failed."
+      fi
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    attempts=$(_math "${attempts}" + 1)
+    if [ "${attempts}" -ge "${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS}" ]; then
+      _err "Hetzner Cloud DNS ${context} action ${action_id} did not complete after ${HETZNER_MAX_ATTEMPTS} attempts."
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    _sleep 1
+  done
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_action_status_from_normalized() {
+  normalized="${1}"
+  status=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"status":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  printf "%s" "${status}"
+}
+
+_hetznercloud_action_error_from_normalized() {
+  normalized="${1}"
+  error_section=$(printf "%s" "${normalized}" | _egrep_o '"error":{[^}]*}')
+  if [ -z "${error_section}" ]; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  message=$(printf "%s" "${error_section}" | _egrep_o '"message":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  if [ -n "${message}" ]; then
+    printf "%s" "${message}"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  code=$(printf "%s" "${error_section}" | _egrep_o '"code":"[^"]*"' | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d '"')
+  if [ -n "${code}" ]; then
+    printf "%s" "${code}"
+    return 0
+  fi
+  return 1
+}